Christian Maronite east Beirut residents stage rally in front of French embassy to support General Michel Aoun’s refusal to accept Taif agreement. AFP
Christian Maronite east Beirut residents stage rally in front of French embassy to support General Michel Aoun’s refusal to accept Taif agreement. AFP

1989 - The Taif peace pact for Lebanon

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Updated 19 April 2025
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1989 - The Taif peace pact for Lebanon

1989 - The Taif peace pact for Lebanon
  • Saudi Arabia’s determination helped end the Lebanese Civil War

PARIS: The Taif Agreement was the outcome of a concerted attempt by Saudi Arabia to bring an end to the Lebanese Civil War that began in 1975. 

Other parties involved in the process included Syria’s President Hafez Assad, the US administration, and the various Lebanese factions fighting in the war. Saudi authorities wanted to find a solution that involved all of those involved, to halt the war and improve upon the 1943 Lebanese National Pact. 

That pact was an unwritten agreement between Lebanese President Bechara El-Khoury and Prime Minister Riad Al-Solh that established an independent Lebanon as a multi-confessional state. It represented a power-sharing arrangement between Christians and Muslims, whereby the president was always required to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the parliament a Shiite. 

The powers handed down in this way were of particular benefit to Lebanon’s Christians. The civil war required an adjustment to this equilibrium. It also required an adjustment in Lebanon’s relations with the Arab world, during a period in which Assad was growing more powerful with the aim of becoming more influential and hegemonic in Lebanon. 

How we wrote it




Arab News covered the day Lebanese MPs agreed on the national reconciliation charter in Taif, Saudi Arabia to end the civil war.

Beginning in the late 1970s, Saudi Arabia had been a part of all Arab and international efforts to end the war in Lebanon. The Taif Agreement was fathered by Hussein El-Husseini, the speaker of the Lebanese parliament. He visited Saudi Arabia, where he was hosted in Taif under the guidance of the Foreign Minister, Prince Saud bin Faisal, and a Lebanese friend of the Kingdom, a businessman named Rafik Hariri who would later serve as Lebanon’s prime minister from 1992 to 1998 and 2000 to 2004. 

The deal ultimately reached included political reforms that gave full power to the Council of Ministers and greater power to the Muslim prime minister, compared with the previous arrangement whereby power was concentrated in the office of the Christian president. It also established special relations between Lebanon and Syria, and a framework to begin the withdrawal of Syrian forces from the country. 

However, Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk Al-Sharaa later denied any commitment had been made to Prince Saud for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon. It was only after the assassination of Hariri in 2005 that Syrian forces finally pulled out. 

The Taif Agreement was approved by the Lebanese Parliament on Nov. 5, 1989, the same day Rene Moawad became the country’s president. He held the office for only 18 days before he was killed by a car bomb that claimed his life and 23 others. 

Prior to the Taif Agreement, Saudi Arabia had pushed for peace conferences in Geneva and Lausanne, in 1983 and 1984 respectively, that failed to end the war. However, Saudi authorities continued to mediate, with the involvement of the Arab League Tripartite Committee to Lebanon, under the chairmanship of Prince Saud. 

Key Dates

  • 1

    Fighting between Maronites and Muslims in Lebanon begins when suspected PLO gunmen attack a Christian church in East Beirut, killing 4 people. Phalangists retaliate, killing 30 Palestinians on a bus, triggering widespread fighting.

    Timeline Image April 13, 1975

  • 2

    Arab League summit in Riyadh calls for end to the civil war and creates the peacekeeping Arab Deterrent Force.

  • 3

    Start of the Hundred Days War in Beirut between Christian militias and the mainly Syrian troops of the Arab Deterrent Force.

    Timeline Image Feb. 7, 1978

  • 4

    Israel invades southern Lebanon to halt cross-border attacks by the PLO.

  • 5

    Christian Phalangist Bachir Gemayel, former leader of Lebanese Forces Maronite militia, is elected president.

    Timeline Image Aug. 23, 1982

  • 6

    Gemayel and 26 other high-ranking Phalangists are killed by a bomb planted by a Maronite Christian.

    Timeline Image Sept. 14, 1982

  • 7

    Departing president Amine Gemayal defies precedent and appoints a fellow Maronite Christian, Gen. Michel Aoun, as prime minister, a role traditionally reserved for a Muslim.

    Timeline Image Sept. 22, 1988

  • 8

    Aoun declares war of liberation against Syrian occupation.

    Timeline Image March 14, 1989

  • 9

    Taif Agreement is reached but opposed by Aoun.

  • 10

    Taif Agreement ratified and parliament elects Maronite Christian Rene Moawad as Lebanon’s 13th president.

    Timeline Image Nov. 5, 1989

  • 11

    Moawad assassinated by unknown assailants.

    Timeline Image Nov. 22, 1989

  • 12

    Aoun driven into exile in France by Syrian forces.

  • 13

    Aoun returns to Lebanon after Syrian troops finally withdraw.

  • 14

    Aoun elected president of Lebanon, remains in office until his term ends in 2022.

    Timeline Image Oct. 31, 2016

The representatives on the committee from the other members of the tripartite, Morocco and Algeria, were their foreign ministers, Abdellatif Filali and Sid Ahmed Ghozali respectively. They were joined by the Arab League’s special envoy to Lebanon, Lakhdar Brahimi. Syria’s President Assad, excluded from the committee, was enraged. 

During the last meeting of the committee, in Rabat in 1988, before the Taif process began, the three ministers summoned Al-Sharaa, the Syrian foreign minister, and told him they had proof Syria had been arming both Prime Minister Michel Aoun’s army and the Lebanese Forces, led by Samir Geagea.  

Aoun had been appointed interim prime minister that year by departing president Amine Gemayel, who did not accept Assad’s diktats. 

Assad’s forces responded by pounding the Christian stronghold of Achrafieh. Aoun, protected by French Ambassador Rene Ala, then left for France to begin his long exile.  

Brahimi, the Arab League envoy, enlisted Paris-based Dr. Ghassan Salame, a Lebanese professor of international relations, as an advisor to help establish a ceasefire agreement and prepare for a meeting with Lebanese deputies.  

Concurrently, Brahimi, Salame, and other deputies worked on drafting a text for the deputies to approve and adopt. 

The first report from the committee, issued in mid-July 1989, was perceived by the Syrians as hostile. Assad met Algeria’s President Chadli Bendjedid in Algiers and accused Brahimi of anti-Syrian bias. Prince Saud independently continued his attempts to persuade Syria to agree to a ceasefire. 




Saudi Arabian Foreign Minister Prince Saul al-Faysal (C), Lebanese Parliament speaker Hussain al-Hussaini (R) and Algerian Foreign Minister Ahmad Ghassali (L) in Taif as discussions on national reconciliation charter began. AFP

As the various efforts to end the war continued, Saudi authorities worked through two negotiators: Hariri and Prince Bandar bin Sultan, who between 1983 and 2005 was the Kingdom’s ambassador to the United States. This marked the start of Hariri’s involvement in Lebanese politics. 

King Fahd entrusted Prince Bandar to direct the efforts to find a solution for the situation in Lebanon, and Hariri shuttled between various capital cities to organize a conference in the Kingdom to discuss reforms and the election of a president. 

International pressure, and the continuing efforts of Prince Saud, eventually compelled Syria to accept a ceasefire agreement, paving the way for the drafting of the text for the Taif Agreement by several deputies.  

Hariri managed to persuade the Lebanese deputies to come to the gathering in Taif. They agreed to correct the balance of power in Lebanon, giving more influence to the Council of Ministers and the Muslim prime minister. 

However, Assad disliked Hariri and resisted his appointment as Lebanon’s prime minister for years. Eventually, Assad met Hariri on several occasions, though when Hariri did eventually become prime minister, Assad insisted on having a say in the appointment of certain government ministers. 

Saudi Arabia took the initiative and helped to get the Lebanese Parliament operational, since previous negotiations with militias had failed to achieve peace. Eventually, the Taif Agreement was concluded and implemented but Aoun never accepted its terms. Following the assassination of President Moawad after just 18 days in office, as he returned from Lebanese Independence Day celebrations, Deputy Elias Hrawi, who was favored by the Syrians, was appointed his successor. 

One unforgettable sentence uttered by a brilliant French diplomat, having served in Lebanon, still rings true in view of the disastrous situation that has prevailed there for the past several years: “The political class who made the civil war in Lebanon is still in power, but it cannot succeed in ruling the country.” 

  • Randa Takieddine is a Paris-based Lebanese journalist. She covered the last committee meeting in Rabat before Taif in 1988 for Al-Hayat and headed the newspaper’s bureau in France for 30 years. 


Riyadh hosts first UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly meeting

Riyadh hosts first UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly meeting
Updated 1 min 53 sec ago
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Riyadh hosts first UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly meeting

Riyadh hosts first UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly meeting
  • ‘We want to create a better system for doing business together,’ says lord mayor

RIYADH: The Lord Mayor of the City of London Alastair King launched the first meeting of the UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly in Riyadh on Tuesday to enhance financial and professional cooperation between the two countries.

The initiative is in partnership with Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Investment, the UK’s Department for Business and Trade, and the City of London Corporation.

“We want to create a better system for doing business together. What we are launching is the UK-Saudi Infrastructure Assembly — a platform bringing together various parties involved in infrastructure investment,” King told Arab News ahead of the meeting.

The new strategic partnership aims at boosting collaboration between the UK’s financial and professional services sectors and Saudi Arabia’s sustainable infrastructure developers.

King said the assembly would help Saudi and UK counterparts to prepare for more joint projects in the Kingdom.

“That means that the costs will go down because they do not have to go through all the mobilization costs. The cost of capital can fall if you have got those companies absolutely ready,” he said.

“I think that is a very exciting example of the sort of collaboration that we have between the UK and Saudi Arabia.”

The assembly has brought together leading Saudi and UK firms, policymakers, and industry experts to shape the future of sustainable infrastructure investment.

It has focused on projects such as the new Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Company, led by the Public Investment Fund, and the Prince Faisal bin Fahad Sustainable Sports City, led by Saudi Arabia’s National Center for Privatization.

King highlighted other areas with potential for greater cooperation, including regulatory alignment, the insurance sector, and cultural exchange.

He said: “We see remarkable opportunities in sectors like asset management. It is something that we do very well. In the UK we have the second-largest investment management industry in the world.

“We have around £10.9 trillion ($14.7 trillion) under management in the UK. We’re looking for all kinds of collaboration with Saudi Arabia in that area.”

He added: “I think we would like to see more collaboration on the legal side as well. (Some) 80 percent of global contracts are under English law.”

King said that he would meet government ministers, regulators, family offices, and members of the insurance industry during his time in Riyadh.

When asked why he chose to visit the Kingdom at this time, King said: “It is a remarkable moment. We have got major developments in the UK that present a good set of opportunities for Saudi parties.”

King added that he would return to Riyadh in October for the Future Investment Initiative.


Saudi authority approves new guidelines for sustainable debt instruments 

Saudi authority approves new guidelines for sustainable debt instruments 
Updated 11 min 4 sec ago
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Saudi authority approves new guidelines for sustainable debt instruments 

Saudi authority approves new guidelines for sustainable debt instruments 

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Capital Market Authority has approved new guidelines for issuing green, social, sustainable, and sustainability-linked debt instruments.

These guidelines, which came into effect on may 27, represent a crucial milestone in the CMA’s broader strategy to deepen the domestic debt market and align the Kingdom’s financial sector with the sustainability objectives outlined in Vision 2030.

The initiative is part of the CMA’s strategic plan for 2024–2026 and supports the Sustainability Strategy of the Ministerial Committee for Corporate Sustainability Strategy.

Developed in collaboration with both public and private sector stakeholders, the guidelines serve as a key deliverable under the initiative titled “Establish the regulatory framework for sustainable debt instruments.”

This initiative aims to encourage local issuances and enhance the role of debt financing in the national economy.

The approval of these new guidelines aligns with the CMA’s comprehensive strategy, which includes over 40 initiatives designed to advance sustainable finance and develop the capital markets.

Among these efforts are the creation of regulatory frameworks for green and ESG-linked bonds, the adoption of open finance practices to foster innovation, and the strengthening of corporate governance regulations to boost accountability and investor confidence.

This development is particularly important as it accelerates the adoption of sustainable finance by creating a clear framework for issuing ESG-compliant debt instruments, enabling public and private entities to raise funds for environmentally and socially responsible projects.

Furthermore, it strengthens the local debt market by encouraging wider participation from issuers and investors through enhanced regulatory clarity, which in turn improves market liquidity and access to capital.

The CMA highlighted that while the new guidelines are non-binding, issuers offering green, social, sustainable, or sustainability-linked debt instruments denominated in Saudi riyals — whether through public or private placements — are required to disclose any deviations from the guidelines in their issuance framework or offering documents.

“The guideline does not entail any changes to the regulatory rules and procedures currently in place in the capital market,” the CMA stated.

According to the regulator, the guidelines define four categories of instruments: green debt, social debt, sustainable debt, and sustainability-linked debt.

Green, social, and sustainable instruments require that proceeds be used exclusively for projects that deliver positive environmental and/or social outcomes.


NPR sues Trump administration over executive order to cut federal funding to public media

NPR sues Trump administration over executive order to cut federal funding to public media
Updated 10 min 37 sec ago
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NPR sues Trump administration over executive order to cut federal funding to public media

NPR sues Trump administration over executive order to cut federal funding to public media
  • National Public Radio and three of its local stations said in a lawsuit that cuts violate the First Amendment
  • Legal battle over funding cuts is the latest in a series of clashes between the Trump administration and government-run news sources

NEW YORK: National Public Radio and three of its local stations filed a lawsuit Tuesday against President Donald Trump, arguing that an executive order aimed at cutting federal funding for the organization is illegal.
The lawsuit, filed in federal court in Washington by NPR, Colorado Public Radio, Aspen Public Radio and KUTE, Inc. argues that Trump’s executive order to slash public subsidies to PBS and NPR violates the First Amendment.
Trump issued the executive order earlier this month that instructs the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and other federal agencies “to cease Federal funding for NPR and PBS” and requires that they work to root out indirect sources of public financing for the news organizations. Trump issued the order after alleging there is “bias” in the broadcasters’ reporting.
“The Order’s objectives could not be clearer: the Order aims to punish NPR for the content of news and other programming the President dislikes and chill the free exercise of First Amendment rights by NPR and individual public radio stations across the country,” the lawsuit alleges.
“The Order is textbook retaliation and viewpoint-based discrimination in violation of the First Amendment, and it interferes with NPR’s and the Local Member Stations’ freedom of expressive association and editorial discretion,” it said.
The court fight seemed preordained, given that the heads of NPR and PBS both reacted to Trump’s move with statements that they believed it was illegal. The absence of PBS from Tuesday’s filing indicates the two systems will challenge this separately; PBS has not yet gone to court, but is likely to soon.
The president’s attempts to dismantle government-run news sources like Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty have also sparked court fights.
The administration has battled with the press on several fronts. The Federal Communications Commission is investigating ABC, CBS and NBC News. The Associated Press also went to court after the administration restricted access to certain events in response to the organization’s decision not to rename the Gulf of Mexico as Trump decreed.


Security forces crack down on illegal Hajj entry

Security forces crack down on illegal Hajj entry
Updated 16 min 22 sec ago
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Security forces crack down on illegal Hajj entry

Security forces crack down on illegal Hajj entry
  • Hajj Security Forces at Makkah’s entrances arrested six residents and 14 citizens for transporting 99 individuals without Hajj permits
  • Ministry of Interior urged full compliance with Hajj regulations to ensure pilgrim safety

MAKKAH: The Ministry of Interior is continuing its efforts to prevent people without Hajj permits from entering or staying in Makkah and the holy sites, warning that violators and facilitators will be arrested and penalized.

Hajj Security Forces at Makkah’s entrances arrested six residents and 14 citizens for transporting 99 individuals without Hajj permits, the Saudi Press Agency reported on Tuesday.

In a separate incident, the forces arrested two citizens for transporting 15 individuals in violation of Hajj regulations and attempting to bring them into Makkah.

Penalties include imprisonment, fines of up to SR100,000 ($26,600), the public naming of violators, deportation of residents and a 10-year re-entry ban after sentencing.

The ministry also called for the confiscation of vehicles used in unauthorized transportation and fines of up to SR20,000 for those attempting Hajj without a permit.

It urged full compliance with Hajj regulations to ensure pilgrim safety and reminded the public that entering Makkah between April 29 and June 10 without a permit is prohibited.


Saudi Arabia’s Asir region secures $1.06bn boost as total investments climb past $6.6bn

Saudi Arabia’s Asir region secures $1.06bn boost as total investments climb past $6.6bn
Updated 20 min 22 sec ago
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Saudi Arabia’s Asir region secures $1.06bn boost as total investments climb past $6.6bn

Saudi Arabia’s Asir region secures $1.06bn boost as total investments climb past $6.6bn

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Asir region is set to receive a fresh investment boost of SR4 billion ($1.06 billion), raising the total value of government-backed projects in the area to more than SR25 billion, according to a senior official.

Speaking at the second Asir Investment Forum in Abha, Prince Turki bin Talal, governor of Asir, announced that over SR5 billion in investments are already underway. The newly pledged SR4 billion will be formally revealed during the two-day forum.

This investment surge is part of the Asir Region Development Strategy — the Kingdom’s first development plan tailored to a specific region — launched in 2021 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The strategy aims to transform Asir into a world-class tourism destination, with a goal of attracting more than 10 million visitors annually by 2030, while driving sustainable development through tourism and strategic investment.

In his opening remarks, the governor said: “With more than SR25 billion committed to essential government projects and investments that have already begun implementation on the ground — through projects by the Public Investment Fund, the Tourism Development Fund, the Social Development Bank, and other financing entities — in line with the state’s belief that Asir is an economic powerhouse and a fundamental enabler for the private sector.”   

He added: “Since the launch of the Asir strategy, committed investments exceeding SR5 billion have already begun implementation, in addition to SR4 billion whose details will be announced during this forum.” 

Prince Turki bin Talal, governor of Asir, speaks at the forum in Riyadh.

Sultan Al-Shahri, chief of investment at the Aseer Development Authority, underscored the scale of ongoing activity, noting that the region is progressing with 79 investment projects worth more than SR29 billion. Of these, 49 projects valued at SR25.6 billion are in the attraction phase, while 30 confirmed initiatives account for SR3.8 billion. 

He said private sector agreements signed during the first edition of the forum amounted to SR1.7 billion, with presented opportunities totaling SR3 billion, signaling growing domestic and international investor interest aligned with Vision 2030’s objectives. 

Held under the theme “Asir Thrives… Invest Now,” the second edition of the forum opened on May 27 at King Khalid University in Al-Fara’a, Abha. Organized by the Aseer Development Authority, the event drew over 1,500 participants, including ministers, business leaders, and regional experts.  

A key development announced at the forum was the launch of “Qimam Al-Sarrah,” a new investment arm intended to streamline land development and simplify regulatory processes to facilitate investor access.  

Ministerial participation included Saudi Tourism Minister Ahmed Al-Khateeb, Qatari Minister of Municipal Affairs Abdullah Al-Atiyah, and Saudi Communications and Information Technology Minister Abdullah Al-Swaha.  

During a plenary session, the ministers emphasized the strategic role of digital infrastructure, smart services, and mega-events — including Abha’s bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup — in driving economic momentum.  

Saudi Commerce Minister Majid Al-Qasabi, addressing the forum virtually, affirmed the region’s transformation. 

He stated that Asir is undergoing a qualitative transformation across various levels, positioning it as one of the most promising areas on Saudi Arabia’s investment map — thanks to its human, natural, and economic resources.  

Al-Qasabi noted that the Ministry of Commerce is currently reviewing over 110 commercial regulations to enhance the business environment. These include reforms to the Companies Law, Franchise Law, Anti-Concealment Law, and E-Commerce Law, as well as expanding the role of the National Competitiveness Center.   

Al-Qasabi added: “We succeeded in launching an extensive corrective campaign, allowing business owners to voluntarily adjust their status. This contributed to a significant drop in concealment cases and a notable increase in compliance.”  

As of April 2025, the Kingdom has more than 1.7 million commercial registrations, including 90,000 in Asir — representing 5.3 percent of the national total.  

According to Al-Qasabi, between 2018 and 2025, joint-stock companies in Saudi Arabia grew by 76 percent, from 2,300 to 4,000. Limited liability companies surged by 138 percent to 386,000, while sole proprietorships rose 32 percent to reach 1.2 million.  

Al-Qasabi also revealed that Saudi Arabia aims to finalize 20 free trade agreements by 2030. 

Capital Market Authority Chairman Mohammed El-Kuwaiz addressed efforts to mobilize regional investment through financial markets, including accessible financing mechanisms and regulatory support.  

Tourism, a key pillar of the Asir strategy, featured prominently throughout the forum. The Saudi tourism minister emphasized the region’s competitive edge.   

“The region’s rich natural and cultural assets are key drivers of tourism investment, which is essential for sustainable development and community empowerment,” Al-Khateeb said. 

Figures released on the Ministry of Tourism’s X account during the event showed tourism momentum accelerating. Domestic tourism rose 11 percent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2025 to 1.4 million Saudi visitors. International tourism surged 42 percent to 68,900 visitors. 

Tourism-related employment also climbed, with 47,700 jobs recorded — a 2.5 percent increase since late 2024.  

The Saudization rate stood at 16.2 percent, with gender participation balanced. In Ministry-supervised sectors, 2,600 jobs were recorded, with a 29 percent Saudization rate and near-equal gender representation. 

The concurrent exhibition showcased key regional projects and institutional stakeholders, highlighting growing public-private collaboration in the Asir region. 

The forum concluded with a reaffirmation of Asir’s role as a cornerstone of Saudi Arabia’s diversification strategy — one that aims to balance economic opportunity with cultural preservation and long-term sustainability.