Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty. Shutterstock.
Short Url
Updated 23 March 2025
Follow

Global borrowing hits $25tn in 2024, raising debt sustainability fears: OECD 

RIYADH: Global borrowing hit a record $25 trillion in 2024, a $10 trillion surge from pre-pandemic levels, sparking concerns over sustainability, a new report showed.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development said in its latest study, “Financing Growth in a Challenging Debt Market Environment,” that the figure is nearly triple the amount raised in 2007, driven by rising sovereign and corporate debt amid higher borrowing costs and economic volatility. 

The surge in borrowing reflects a fragile global economy grappling with slower growth, persistent inflation, and geopolitical uncertainty, which have forced governments and companies to seek more debt to fund operations and maintain public services. 

OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann said: “Sovereign and corporate debt levels continue to grow across the world, at a time of increasing borrowing costs and market volatility.” He urged governments to improve public spending efficiency, prioritize productive investments, and incentivize businesses to expand capacity. 

Rising debt levels

The analysis warned that debt levels are projected to continue rising into 2025, with the aggregate central government marketable debt-to-gross domestic product ratio in OECD countries expected to reach 85 percent. This represents an increase of more than 10 percentage points since 2019, nearly double the 2007 level.

“The increase in 2024 was the first since 2020, reflecting slower projected GDP (gross domestic product) growth of around 2 percent annually during this period, compared to over 4 percent in 2022-23, when the economy was recovering from the pandemic,” the report said. 

Bond yields in several major markets surged despite declining policy rates, exacerbating the challenges posed by higher sovereign and corporate indebtedness. This scenario increases borrowing costs and limits the fiscal space available for future investment at a time when substantial capital is needed to drive economic growth, respond to demographic changes, and meet defense and infrastructure needs. 

Record bond issuance

Sovereign bond issuance in OECD countries is projected to reach a historic high of $17 trillion in 2025, up from $14 trillion in 2023. The total outstanding debt is expected to grow from $54 trillion in 2023 to nearly $59 trillion in 2025.

Emerging markets and developing economies also witnessed a sharp increase in sovereign borrowing, with total debt issuance rising from approximately $1 trillion in 2007 to over $3 trillion in 2024. China accounted for 45 percent of the total issuance in 2024, a rise from the 17 percent recorded between 2007 and 2014.

By the end of 2024, global corporate bond debt is set to reach $35 trillion, continuing a decades-long borrowing trend, mainly driven by non-financial companies whose debt has nearly doubled since 2008.

Higher borrowing costs

Governments and corporations are beginning to feel the weight of higher borrowing costs. In 2024, interest payments as a share of GDP increased in about two-thirds of OECD countries, reaching an average of 3.3 percent — a growth of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. 

“This means spending on interest payments is greater than government expenditure on defense in the OECD on aggregate,” the report explained. 

Additionally, refinancing risks have grown significantly, with nearly 45 percent of sovereign debt in OECD countries set to mature by 2027. Corporate bond markets face similar pressures, with approximately one-third of all outstanding corporate bond debt scheduled to mature in the next three years. 

Refinancing this debt at higher interest rates could further strain public and corporate finances.   

Debt ownership shifts 

The withdrawal of central banks from sovereign debt markets continued in 2024, with their holdings of domestic government bonds in OECD economies shrinking from 29 percent of total outstanding debt in 2021 to 19 percent in 2024.

Simultaneously, domestic households increased their share from 5 percent to 11 percent, while foreign investors expanded their holdings from 29 percent to 34 percent. This transition to a more price-sensitive investor base could amplify market volatility, particularly if new investors demand higher yields.

Climate financing challenges

A key theme of the OECD’s report is the financing required to meet global climate change objectives.

“If growth rates for public and private investment in the climate transition continue in line with recent trends, advanced economies will not be aligned with the Paris Agreement goals until 2041,” the study said. 

The situation is even more difficult for emerging markets other than China, which would face a cumulative investment shortfall of $10 trillion to meet the Paris Agreement goals by 2050.

The report suggested that increasing public sector financing for climate initiatives could substantially raise public debt-to-GDP ratios. Alternatively, greater reliance on private capital would necessitate rapid development of capital markets, particularly in emerging economies.

“Financial regulation reforms will be essential, particularly to enhance capital market development in emerging markets,” the study noted. 


Saudia, flyadeal rise high in Cirium’s June punctuality rankings

Updated 10 July 2025
Follow

Saudia, flyadeal rise high in Cirium’s June punctuality rankings

  • Marks Saudia’s second time in 2025 leading global rankings for arrival and departure punctuality
  • Achievement aligns with Kingdom’s ambition to become global aviation hub

JEDDAH: Saudia emerged as the world’s most punctual airline in June, topping global rankings for both on-time departures and arrivals, according to aviation analytics firm Cirium.

In its latest report, the London-headquartered independent aviation analytics company said that Saudia operated 16,733 flights in June, achieving a 91.33 percent on-time arrival rate and a 90.69 percent on-time departure rate — a 2.41 percent increase in arrival punctuality compared to May’s rate of 89.18 percent.

The achievement aligns with Saudi Arabia’s ambition to become a global aviation hub and a top destination for international travelers. Under Vision 2030, the Kingdom is investing heavily to boost private sector participation, expand connectivity, and reinforce its role in global aviation.

It also supports the National Aviation Strategy’s goal of enhancing the travel experience, which aims to target 330 million passengers annually, over 250 global destinations, and 4.5 million tons of air cargo by 2030.

Ibrahim Al-Omar, director general of Saudia Group, said, “Achieving exceptional on-time performance and maintaining operational excellence requires seamless coordination across all sectors and subsidiaries of the group.”

This marks Saudia’s second time in 2025 leading global rankings for both arrival and departure punctuality, following a similar achievement in March. It also mirrors the airline’s performance in June 2024, when it topped the rankings with an on-time arrival rate of 88.22 percent and a departure rate of 88.73 percent across 16,133 flights to more than 100 destinations.

Flyadeal, Saudia Group’s low-cost carrier, ranked first in the Middle East and Africa for on-time arrival performance, achieving a rate of 91.77 percent across more than 5,980 flights. The carrier’s performance surpassed that of Saudia within the region.

In a statement, Saudi Group said: “The accomplishment reflects Saudia and flyadeal’s unwavering focus in operational efficiency and excellence, achieved during the high-demand period of Hajj, summer travel, and Eid Al-Adha holidays.”

In the airport category, Cirium ranked Riyadh’s King Khalid International Airport as the world’s most punctual large airport for the same period. The travel gateway recorded a 90.41 percent on-time departure rate and an 86.99 percent on-time arrival rate, outperforming major global hubs in operational efficiency.

With 22,180 flights tracked, the Kingdom’s capital hub served 109 routes operated by 59 airlines, showcasing Saudi Arabia’s growing global connectivity and aviation excellence.

Meanwhile, Dammam’s King Fahd International Airport ranked seventh among medium-sized airports for on-time departures, achieving an 86.18 percent punctuality rate across 8,200 flights on 59 routes, according to Cirium.


Closing Bell: Saudi main index steady at 11,277; Nomu edges up

Updated 10 July 2025
Follow

Closing Bell: Saudi main index steady at 11,277; Nomu edges up

RIYADH: Saudi Arabia’s Tadawul All Share Index was steady on Thursday, as it marginally declined by 0.01 percent, or 0.82 points, to close at 11,276.91. 

The total trading turnover of the benchmark index was SR4.96 billion ($1.32 billion), with 128 of the listed stocks advancing and 120 declining. 

The Kingdom’s parallel market Nomu gained 31.28 points to close at 27,479.50.

The MSCI Tadawul Index marginally shed 0.02 points to 1,445.23. 

The best-performing stock on the main market was SHL Finance Co. The firm’s share price increased by 9.95 percent to SR19.33. 

The share price of Fawaz Abdulaziz Alhokair Co., also known as Cenomi Retail, rose by 5.8 percent to SR31.38. 

Sustained Infrastructure Holding Co. also saw its stock price rise by 4.24 percent to SR35.44. 

Conversely, the share price of Umm Al Qura for Development and Construction Co. declined by 6.14 percent to SR25.06. 

On the announcements front, Anmat Technology for Trading Co. said that it received a contract valued at SR50 million from Etihad Etisalat, also known as Mobily, to supply and install power generator systems and a fuel monitoring system. 

In a press statement, Anmat said that the contract is effective from June 26 and will last until May 17, 2028. 

The company added that the impact of the deal will be reflected in the firm’s financials from the second half of this year and will continue until the end of the contract duration. 

The share price of Anmat, which is listed in Nomu, increased by 10.19 percent to SR12.33. 

International Human Resources Co. said that it signed a framework agreement with the Arab National Bank to provide human resources services. 

According to a Tadawul statement, the contract is valid for 12 months and will be renewed for a similar period unless either party notifies the other at least 30 days prior to the expiry date. 

International Human Resources Co.’s share price rose by 2.83 percent to SR6.17. 


Saudi Tourism Development Fund rolls out programs to boost startup growth 

Updated 10 July 2025
Follow

Saudi Tourism Development Fund rolls out programs to boost startup growth 

RIYADH: Tourism startups and entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia stand to benefit from three newly launched support initiatives aimed at accelerating innovation, attracting investment, and strengthening the Kingdom’s growing travel economy. 

The Tourism Development Fund has introduced the Grow Tourism Incubator, Tourism Hackathons and Bootcamps, and the Grow Tourism Accelerator — a suite of initiatives designed to empower early-stage ventures through TDF Grow, its non-financial enablement arm, according to a press release. 

Developing a robust tourism landscape is a key pillar of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 agenda, as the Kingdom works to diversify its economy and reduce its reliance on oil revenues. 

The National Tourism Strategy targets 150 million annual visitors by 2030, after surpassing the 100 million milestone ahead of schedule, with official data showing the Kingdom welcomed 116 million tourists in 2024 — exceeding its annual target for the second year in a row. 

Qusai bin Abdullah Al-Fakhri, CEO of TDF, said: “We remain committed to empowering entrepreneurs to transform their ideas into promising, impactful projects. We strive to provide a comprehensive support ecosystem that addresses the needs of businesses at every stage, helping them overcome challenges and accelerate their growth.”  

He added: “These three programs embody our dedication to practical enablement, offering guidance, support, and connections with key stakeholders, to build a sustainable tourism sector full of opportunity and aligned with the aspirations of Saudi Vision 2030.” 

The Grow Tourism Incubator Program, now in its first edition, will target early-stage tourism startups. Registration opened on June 24 and will remain open until July 17. 

The incubator offers a 10-month immersive environment, providing participants with access to shared workspaces, as well as legal, marketing, and logistical support, along with technical and administrative services. 

The program will also include workshops, specialized training sessions, and mentorship by leading industry experts, delivered both virtually and in person at TDF headquarters — ensuring accessibility for entrepreneurs across the Kingdom. 

The Tourism Hackathons and Bootcamps program aims to support innovators and early-stage tourism projects, with a focus on three key regions: Asir, Al-Ahsa, and Madinah. 

Running for five months, the program will allow participants to take part in hackathons followed by training bootcamps, helping them develop their ideas into actionable prototypes. 

Registrations opened on July 1 and will remain open until July 22. 

The Grow Tourism Accelerator builds on the success of previous cohorts, which have graduated 99 participants to date. 

This three-month program is designed to support startups and help them scale within the tourism sector. 

“The accelerator also attracts international companies, enriching the diversity of the investment landscape and elevating service quality across the industry. The program provides integrated mentorship, culminating in graduation and connections with potential investors,” the TDF release stated. 

It added that the TDF Grow platform has supported 8,800 beneficiaries through its non-financial programs and initiatives, helping entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises accelerate their projects and enhance the competitiveness of Saudi Arabia’s tourism sector.


OPEC says no peak to oil demand before 2050

Updated 10 July 2025
Follow

OPEC says no peak to oil demand before 2050

  • OPEC sees oil demand rising by 18.6% to around 123 mbd in 2050
  • It expects demand to grow for longer than other forecasters

PARIS: The OPEC oil cartel said Thursday that demand for crude will continue to expand through at least 2050, calling efforts to rapidly shift away from fossil fuels an unworkable fantasy.

In its latest annual report on the outlook for oil demand, OPEC sees global oil demand rising by 18.6 percent from 103.7 million barrels per day in 2024 to around 123 mbd in 2050.

That rising demand will be “driven by expanding economic growth, rising populations, increasing urbanization, new energy-intensive industries like artificial intelligence, and the need to bring energy to the billions without it,” said OPEC Secretary General Haitham Al-Ghais in his foreword to the report.

“There is no peak oil demand on the horizon,” he said.

That forecast puts OPEC, which gathers together a number of the world’s leading oil exporting nations, at odds with the International Energy Agency, whose member states include many oil-consuming nations.

The IEA said last month that it expects global oil demand to begin to decline in 2030, driven by the rise of electric cars and the shift away from crude to produce power.

The IEA even sees oil demand dropping in Saudi Arabia as it replaces crude with gas and renewable energy to produce power.

Ghais said that OPEC sees growth in oil demand being primarily driven by developing nations, and that fossil fuels still account for around 80 percent of the global fuel mix, little changed from when the cartel was founded in 1960.

.”..it has become increasingly clear to many policymakers in recent years that the narrative of swiftly phasing out oil and gas has been seen for what it is: unworkable, and a fantasy,” he said.

The OPEC chief blasted many timelines to reach net-zero carbon emissions as having “little regard for energy security, affordability or feasibility.”

Experts say a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels is necessary if global warming is be kept to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.


UAE and Azerbaijan sign CEPA to expand trade and investment across key sectors 

Updated 10 July 2025
Follow

UAE and Azerbaijan sign CEPA to expand trade and investment across key sectors 

RIYADH: The UAE and Azerbaijan have signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement to strengthen bilateral trade, enhance investments, and deepen cooperation in renewable energy, logistics, tourism, and construction. 

The deal is expected to contribute $680 million to the UAE’s gross domestic product and $300 million to Azerbaijan’s economy by 2031, according to the Emirates News Agency, also known as WAM. 

Signed in the presence of UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, the CEPA aims to enhance private sector collaboration, strengthen supply chain resilience, and promote the global expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises. 

It builds on a growing trade relationship between the two countries, with non-oil trade rising 43 percent year on year to reach $2.4 billion in 2024. 

The UAE is also Azerbaijan’s leading Arab investor, with cumulative investments exceeding $1 billion. 

Speaking after the signing, UAE Minister of Foreign Trade Thani Al-Zeyoudi described Azerbaijan as “a hugely valuable trade and investment partner for the UAE,” citing its strategic location and continued economic growth. 

“Our bilateral non-oil trade mirrors this growth, climbing 36.2 percent last year to reach $2.24 billion, which represents 50 percent of Azerbaijan’s trade with the GCC,” he said, according to WAM. 

Al-Zeyoudi said the CEPA would unlock new opportunities across manufacturing, agriculture, and automotive, as well as logistics and financial services. 

He also noted plans to expand UAE investments in energy and renewables through national companies such as ADNOC and Masdar, with the goal of building a joint logistics infrastructure to enhance access to broader regional and global markets. 

Azerbaijan’s agreement adds to the UAE’s expanding CEPA program, a key pillar of its foreign trade agenda that targets $1.1 trillion in non-oil trade by 2031. 

In 2024, the initiative contributed to a record $816 billion in non-oil trade, representing a 14.6 percent increase over the previous year. 

The UAE has now concluded 27 CEPAs with global markets representing more than one-quarter of the world’s population. 

The deal is part of the country’s broader strategy to advance economic diversification through strategic international partnerships, the WAM statement said.

Kuwait and Jordan strengthen ties

Kuwait and Jordan held the fifth session of their Joint Higher Committee in Kuwait City this week. 

Co-chaired by Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Abdullah Al-Yahya and Jordanian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ayman Safadi, the session resulted in six cooperation agreements and an executive program spanning the economic, investment, cultural, and tourism sectors, according to Kuwait News Agency.