What 8-million-year-old stalagmites reveal about Saudi Arabia’s lost green past

Special What 8-million-year-old stalagmites reveal about Saudi Arabia’s lost green past
Researchers at Northumbria University discovered there were multiple humid phases in central Arabia over millions of years. (Getty Images)
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Updated 27 April 2025
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What 8-million-year-old stalagmites reveal about Saudi Arabia’s lost green past

What 8-million-year-old stalagmites reveal about Saudi Arabia’s lost green past
  • Researchers discovered there were multiple humid phases in central Arabia that likely fed ancient river systems
  • These wet periods likely transformed arid deserts into green corridors for animal and early human migration out of Africa

LONDON: Two major surprises greeted researchers in the Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences at Northumbria University when they returned to the UK from Saudi Arabia with samples of ancient stalagmites collected in caves northeast of Riyadh.

The plan was to use the samples to identify specific humid phases in central Arabia over the past million years or so which would have temporarily “greened” the more usually arid region, transforming the so-called Saharo-Arabian Desert Barrier into a land bridge across which many mammalian species ­—­ including early humans — would have made the journey out of Africa.




Hubert Vonhof (right), geologist at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, and Alexander Budsky, scientist at the State Museum in Kärten, were part of the team that analyzed dripstones from Saudi Arabian caves. (Supplied)

The initial surprise was that the first, commonly employed technique they used to date such samples did not work.

Two different radiometric dating methods are used to date the calcium carbonate laid down in stalagmites — uranium-thorium (U-Th) and uranium-lead (U-Pb) — which both measure the extent to which radioactive isotopes in the material have decayed.

“At first we suspected the stalagmites might be quite a lot younger, so we used the uranium-thorium method,” said Monika Markowska, a senior research fellow in the Geography and Environmental Sciences Department at Northumbria University in Newcastle, England.

“This method is good only for about 600,000 years, and we kept finding we couldn’t date anything.”

Then came the second surprise, revealed in a paper published in the journal Nature this month.

“So, we switched to the uranium-lead method and all of a sudden it revealed just how old these stalagmites were,” she said.

“There was this sudden realization in the lab: ‘Oh my goodness, these are 8 million years old.’ It was quite a moment.”

At a stroke, the story of life in central Arabia had been pushed back more than 7 million years.

Stalagmites, stalactites and “flowstones,” known collectively as speleothems, are created on the floors, roofs and walls of caves by rainwater dripping through from the surface.




A cross-section of one of the stalagmites taken for analysis. (Supplied)

As water passes through the soil or rock above a cave, it collects minerals, including calcium carbonate. In the case of stalagmites, over many millennia, these minerals form conical towers, slowly growing up from the floor of the cave.

The age and rate at which these stalagmites have grown can be accurately measured using various methods of radiometric dating, which calculates a material’s age by measuring the presence of radioactive elements.

Until recently, evidence of environmental conditions in Arabia extended back only 450,000 years. But in 2020, a paper published in the International Journal of Earth, Climate and Life Interactions reported that analysis of stalagmites collected from caves in southern Arabia — Yemen and northern Oman — had pushed the record back 1.1 million years.

In that time, analysis of the stalagmites revealed there had been no fewer than 21 “pluvial periods” — periods of increased rainfall, creating “numerous opportunities” for early humans to migrate out of Africa and into Eurasia, unimpeded by the more typical periods of arid weather and desert conditions that otherwise acted as barriers to early human dispersal.

But, as the authors of the latest research report in Nature said, “although numerous humid phases occurred in southern Arabia during the past 1.1 million years, little is known about Arabia’s paleoclimate before this time.”

The new research has now pushed back the region’s hydroclimate record a further 7 million years, in the process revealing much earlier “recurrent humid periods characterized by increased water availability and vegetation cover.”

The caves selected for the study, located in the Al-Sulb Plateau, northeast of Riyadh, had been identified by the Saudi Geological Survey.




The Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) says there are over 150 caves recognized for their remarkable scientific significance in Saudi Arabia. (SPA)

“What drew us to this site was the fact that the modern landscape there is hyper arid, yet in the caves we see lots of evidence of stalactite and stalagmite growth,” said Markowska. “This means that it was wetter in the past because these just don’t form under the modern conditions.”

For “conservation reasons,” the paper gives only the general locations of the caves. However, the precise coordinates are available to some professional organizations and researchers from the Saudi Heritage Commission and the Saudi Geological Survey.

The story told by the 22 speleothems collected from the seven cave systems, all found within a 10 km radius, is an extraordinary one. Analysis of the samples has revealed a series of humid episodes over four distinct periods — between 0.86 and 1.37 million years ago (Ma), 2.01 and 2.29 Ma, 3.16 and 4.10 Ma, and 6.25 and 7.44 Ma.

This last humid episode occurred during what geologists classify as the Late Miocene. This is the period from which numerous fossils found further south, in the UAE, date — the remains of animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, antelopes, hyenas and large carnivores, including saber-toothed cats, which have been unearthed in the Western Region of the emirate of Abu Dhabi.

These animals flourished there, according to a summary of decades of research published in 2012, thanks to “a very large river system flowing slowly through the area, along which was flourishing vegetation, including large trees.”

That river system may well have flowed from the interior of Arabia — and the fresh evidence from the caves northeast of Riyadh suggests the possibility that it was rainfall here that fed it.




Monika Markowska in the lab at Northumbria University. (Supplied)

“There is evidence in Arabia of rivers in the past, and certainly in the UAE fossils have been found where a river channel once ran,” said Markowska.

“But rivers can have very distant origins and the big thing about our paper is that for the first time we were able to determine that there was rainfall specifically in the center of the desert — evidence of actual rainfall in that area, rather than humidity from rivers that were sourced from distant locations.

“Before now, we knew a little bit about what was going on in the south of Arabia, that there were numerous humid phases going back over the past 1.1 million years. But we’ve been able to push that back to 8 million years, and this is for the center of the desert, where there was really no information before.”

The importance of this discovery is highlighted by the vast well of international specialist knowledge upon which the study drew. This is reflected in the list of the paper’s 31 co-authors, who include researchers and specialists from universities in the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Australia and the US.

It also includes the College of Tourism and Archaeology at King Saud University in Riyadh, the Kingdom’s Heritage Commission, Geotourism Department and the Saudi Geological Survey.

The paper thanks Prince Badr bin Abdullah bin Farhan Al-Saud, the Saudi minister of culture, for giving his permission for the research to be carried out, and acknowledges the vital role of the Heritage Commission in providing logistical and technical field support.




Prince Badr bin Abdullah bin Farhan, culture minister of Saudi Arabia. (SPA)

So far, as the paper makes clear, the “vertebrate fossil record of Arabia is scant,” with remains found only in two principal locations: The sandstone and mudstone Baynunah Formation in the UAE and the Nefud Desert in northwestern Saudi Arabia.

The fossils in the Nefud are “only” about 500,000 years old, and 6 million years younger than those from the Baynunah Formation, currently the only site where animal remains dating from the Late Miocene have been found.

But, said Markowska, the lack of fossil evidence from the same period in central Arabia “doesn’t necessarily mean there wasn’t fauna there at that time, but only that we haven’t found them yet.”

And, as the paper concludes, “considering our findings, it seems probable that movements between Africa and Eurasia would have taken place through the Arabian Peninsula, which, during humid phases, was likely characterized by well-watered grasslands and woodlands.”

Many of the animal species identified from fossilized remains in the UAE “would have been well suited for life in (central) Arabia during the wet episodes identified in our speleothem record. The scant fossil record aside, we suggest that Arabia probably acted as a hitherto unrecognized but important crossroad for biogeographic exchange between Africa and Eurasia over the past 8 million years.”

The researchers add that “the nature of these exchanges, and the exact role of Arabia in these, may only be elucidated with an improved fossil record.”

For now, a more pressing piece of research is underway, for the stalagmites of Saudi Arabia have more secrets to divulge.




Stunning view of Ain Heet cave, located in a mountain called Al-Jubayl in a small village in Wadi Al-Sulay, Riyadh.  Ain Heet is named after its entrance, which resembles the shape of the eye. The cave is formed with limestone. (AN file photo)

Finding out exactly what plants and trees thrived during the wet periods over the past 8 million years is key to understanding what species of herbivorous mammals — and, therefore, the meat-eaters that preyed upon them — might have existed in the once greener, lusher Saudi Arabia.

“This vegetation issue is our big next research question,” said Markowska.

“We have been able to identify these humid periods, and to identify what the dominant mechanisms for causing them were — basically, more moisture coming up from the south, during monsoon seasons. But we’re also very interested in this vegetation story.”

As speleothems grow, “they trap tiny amounts of pollen within their structure, and now we’re going to see if we can extract some ancient pollen from the speleothems, which is a technique we specialize in at Northumbria.”

This is a painstaking effort, “which involves a lot of microscope work. You extract the material, put it on a microscope slide and then count and identify the different pollen grains you find. I work with other colleagues who are experts on (ancient) pollen, and together I think we should be able to unwrap this other side of the story.”
 

 


Filipino conjoined twins now in Riyadh for surgical separation

Filipino conjoined twins now in Riyadh for surgical separation
Updated 18 May 2025
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Filipino conjoined twins now in Riyadh for surgical separation

Filipino conjoined twins now in Riyadh for surgical separation
  • Klea Ann and Maurice Ann Misa were taken to King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital upon arrival Saturday from Manila

RIYADH: Filipino conjoined twin sisters Klea Ann and Maurice Ann Misa arrived Saturday in Riyadh and are now being assessed for possible separation surgery under the Saudi Conjoined Twins Program.

The twins were taken to the King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital at the Ministry of National Guard upon arrival at Riyadh’s King Khalid International Airport, the Saudi Press Agency reported.

Klea Ann and Maurice Ann, accompanied by their parents, were brought to the Kingdom from Manila upon royal directives.

They are the third conjoined twins from the Philippines to be placed under the program.

Conjoined twins Klea Ann and Maurice Ann are now undergoing medical assessment for possible separation surgery at the King Abdullah Specialist Children’s Hospital. (SPA photo)

The program’s medical and surgical team is headed by Dr. Abdullah Al-Rabeeah, who is also an adviser to the Royal Court and director general of the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center (KSrelief).

The twin’s parents expressed their deep gratitude to King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman for their generous care and warm reception, as well as the comprehensive medical attention they received, SPA said.

In an interview published Saturday in Arab News, the twin’s mother, Maricel Misa, was quoted as saying that since her babies were born seven years ago, she had been praying that one day someone would help make her children live a normal life. 

Mrs. Misa, who owns a small shop with her husband in Lubang island in Mindoro Oriental province, central Philippines, have no other means to get their twins undergo costly surgical operation. Her prayers were answered when she got a call from the Saudi Embassy in Manila and told that the Kingdom was willing to help.

“We saw a post from Saudi Arabia about conjoined twins from the Philippines who had undergone surgery there, and I commented, saying I hope we can be helped too. Someone noticed my comment and reached out to me,” Mrs. Misa said.

Since its founding in 1990, the Saudi Conjoined Twins Program has separated more than 140 children born sharing internal organs with their siblings. Among them were Filipino conjoined twins Ann and Mae Manz — joined at the abdomen, pelvis, and perineum — who were separated by Dr. Al-Rabeeah and his team in March 2004. 

A second Filipino pair, Akhizah and Ayeesha Yusoph — joined at the lower chest and abdomen and shared one liver — were successfully separated in September 2024.

Al-Rabeeah has pointed out that the program “reflects the Kingdom’s principles of mercy and human solidarity without discrimination.”


A Saudi chef’s commitment to showcasing Kingdom’s cuisine on global stage

A Saudi chef’s commitment to showcasing Kingdom’s cuisine on global stage
Updated 18 May 2025
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A Saudi chef’s commitment to showcasing Kingdom’s cuisine on global stage

A Saudi chef’s commitment to showcasing Kingdom’s cuisine on global stage
  • Chef Mayram Atiq’s contemporary take on Saudi cuisine is winning hearts with every bite

MAKKAH: In the Kingdom’s burgeoning culinary scene, award-winning Saudi chef Maryam Marwan Atiq has emerged as a trailblazer, celebrated for her creativity and commitment to showcasing Saudi cuisine on the global stage.

With more than 15 years of experience, Atiq presents Saudi dishes in a contemporary, internationally appealing style without compromising its authentic essence. She is currently a member of the team of female Saudi chefs behind Tairat Al-Boulevard restaurant in Riyadh.

To Atiq, Saudi cuisine is not just a collection of recipes, but a “sea of flavors and ingredients” shaped by the Kingdom’s rich geographic and cultural diversity. This depth, she believes, gives Saudi food its distinctive character and its power to act as a bridge between cultures.

Through her participation in local and international exhibitions, Atiq has seen firsthand how Saudi flavors captivate people from around the world.

One of her most memorable encounters, she said, was with a man in his nineties who tasted jareesh for the first time at an exhibition. Deeply moved by the dish, his reaction reaffirmed her belief in the universal appeal of Saudi cooking.

“Food is the ambassador of culture,” she told Arab News. “And combining Saudi flavors and ingredients with international presentation techniques helps convey Saudi cuisine more quickly and accessibly, making it more appealing to international palates.”

Atiq praised the Ministry of Culture and the Culinary Arts Commission for their efforts in documenting and preserving Saudi food heritage. She herself has contributed to documenting traditional recipes from two regions of the Kingdom.

She also emphasized the role of online platforms in promoting Saudi cuisine to a global audience. Atiq called on media professionals and content creators to participate in this “cultural mission” that she is a major part of.

“I will continue my efforts to spread Saudi cuisine — , with our authentic flavors and cultural spirit — across the globe, making it a cultural ambassador worthy of the richness and diversity of the Kingdom,” she said.


Saudi ambassador attends send-off ceremony for Hajj pilgrims from Tajikistan

Saudi ambassador attends send-off ceremony for Hajj pilgrims from Tajikistan
Updated 18 May 2025
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Saudi ambassador attends send-off ceremony for Hajj pilgrims from Tajikistan

Saudi ambassador attends send-off ceremony for Hajj pilgrims from Tajikistan

Saudi Ambassador to Tajikistan Waleed Abdulrahman Alreshaidan attended the send-off ceremony for the first group of this year’s Hajj pilgrims departing from Tajikistan at Dushanbe International Airport.

Alreshaidan said that serving pilgrims is “an honor and a source of pride for the leadership of the Kingdom and its people,” the Saudi Press Agency reported on Saturday.

A’lem Zadah, deputy chairman of Tajikistan’s Committee of Religious Affairs, thanked the Saudi government for the facilities it provides to pilgrims, the SPA added.


Saudi Arabia highlights museums’ growing role in heritage preservation

Saudi Arabia highlights museums’ growing role in heritage preservation
Updated 17 May 2025
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Saudi Arabia highlights museums’ growing role in heritage preservation

Saudi Arabia highlights museums’ growing role in heritage preservation
  • The session illustrated how museums can serve as dynamic platforms to showcase intangible heritage through immersive experiences

JEDDAH: The Saudi National Museum hosted International Museum Day celebrations in Riyadh on Saturday under the theme “The Future of Museums in Rapidly Changing Communities.”

The event brought together cultural and heritage experts, artists, and enthusiasts for a day of dialogue, workshops, and interactive sessions, the Saudi Press Agency reported.

It opened with a panel titled “Living Heritage in Rapidly Changing Communities,” followed by a thought-provoking session on “Museums and Change.”

Speakers discussed how museums can evolve to reflect and respond to the fast-paced transformations shaping modern society.

A highlight was an interactive session on “Saudi Storytelling and Performing Arts in Museums,” emphasizing the power of narrative in preserving cultural identity and passing values to younger generations.

The session illustrated how museums can serve as dynamic platforms to showcase intangible heritage through immersive experiences.

Another panel, “Technological Challenges in Cultural Heritage,” explored innovative ways to safeguard and share heritage using digital tools.

This theme was further explored in the workshop “Craft and Technology: The Art of Digital Weaving,” where participants examined the intersection of traditional crafts and modern digital techniques.

Throughout the sessions, participants stressed the importance of community engagement, reinforcing museums’ role as inclusive spaces for education, creativity, and cultural innovation in a rapidly changing world.

The event also featured additional panels and workshops on museums’ evolving role in preserving identity and addressing contemporary challenges.


Saudi artist preserves Al-Qatt Al-Asiri art over decades

Saudi artist preserves Al-Qatt Al-Asiri art over decades
Updated 17 May 2025
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Saudi artist preserves Al-Qatt Al-Asiri art over decades

Saudi artist preserves Al-Qatt Al-Asiri art over decades
  • Al-Qatt, Al-Katba, or Al-Zayan, received international reognition in 2017 when it was registered on the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage

RIYADH: For more than three decades, Saudi visual artist Ibrahim Al-Almaai has devoted his time to documenting Al-Qatt Al-Asiri, a vibrant, centuries-old art form traditionally painted by women on the walls of homes across the Asir region.

In a statement to the Saudi Press Agency, Al-Almaai emphasized that for the past 33 years, not a week has passed without him visiting a village in the eastern, western, northern, or central parts of the Asir region.

His mission: to seek out the remnants of this heritage art in homes, many of which have been lost to time and weather.

Despite the challenges, he has documented more than 1,200 variations of Al-Qatt patterns and colors.

The traditional art, known as Al-Qatt, Al-Katba, or Al-Zayan, received international reognition in 2017 when it was registered on the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

But long before, Al-Almaai had been tirelessly cataloging the artwork, oftenn navigating harsh conditions, including dilapidated buildings and the threat of snakes and poisonous insects, to reach the artworks.

Almost every visit revealed intricate designs made using natural pigments sourced from the surrounding environment.

He explained to SPA that there are four key components of a typical heritage home adorned with Al-Qatt. Al Shabaka (the Network) are single-colored, interlaced lines that create the structural foundation of the design.

Al-Hanash (the Snake) are serpent-like motifs inspired by the Coluber snake, winding rhythmically across the walls.

Al-Khatmah or Al-Akhtam (the Seal) are a form of visual closure at the end of a design.

Al-Qatt (the Lines) are the horizontal strokes layered beneath the primary art, referred to as Al-Katba (the Writing), Al-Naqsh (the Inscription), or Al-Zayan (the Adornment) depending on the local dialect.

Al-Almaai’s lifelong dedication underscores the importance of preserving Saudi Arabia’s artistic and cultural legacy — one painted wall at a time.