In Pakistan, social media gives women a space to speak up — at their own risk

In this picture taken on July 12, 2018, students use their mobile phones at a campus in Islamabad. (AFP/File)
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Updated 03 August 2021
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In Pakistan, social media gives women a space to speak up — at their own risk

  • Since July 20 murder of Noor Mukadam, Pakistani women are turning to the Internet to grieve, express solidarity and share stories of abuse
  • But using social media comes with its own risks, as trolling, abuse and threats have become an “expected reality” of being vocal online, activists say

RAWALPINDI: As last month’s murder of Noor Mukadam, the 27-year-old daughter of a former diplomat, shattered the semblance of freedom and safety many Pakistani women living in secure urban centers like Islamabad feel, activists and social media users say social media is providing women a space to share, grieve and express solidarity, but also opening them up to additional abuse. 
Mukadam was found beheaded in a posh neighborhood of the capital on July 20 in a case that has sparked a public outcry unlike any other in recent memory.
In conservative Pakistani society, with limits on women’s mobility and choices, the Internet can become a “shared meeting space” in the aftermath of grisly events like the Mukadam murder, Nigat Dad, a prominent Pakistani lawyer and digital and women rights activist, told Arab News this week.“For so many women, finding a community online is built around needing to be heard,” Dad said. “Women are able to find community online in Pakistan because they are unable to find community offline in most cases and it’s very hard for women to find such a sisterhood and solidarity as that which exists in digital spaces.”
“Online you have space to talk about things that usually you cannot [in real-life],” Dad added. 

The lack of “inclusive” gathering spaces for women in Pakistan is precisely why Kanwal Ahmed said she founded the Facebook Group Soul Sisters Pakistan in 2013. The private group has nearly 300,000 members now. 
“There are no inclusive spaces for women to meet others, interact or even just catch a breather in Pakistan. It can be isolating to be a woman in this country,” Ahmed told Arab News over the phone. “With rampant gender-based violence, complete lack of resources and a culture that thrives on silencing women, it was and is imperative that we create spaces where we shatter that culture of silence and let women encourage each other to speak up.”
The community Ahmed has helped build gives women a space “to share their stories, their problems and help each other out,” she said.




In this picture taken on August 31, 2020, women discuss as they check out the social online group 'The Soul Sisters Pakistan' on their Facebook page, in Lahore. (AFP/File)

In the wake of Mukadam’s murder, many women are also using social media platforms to speak about their own experiences of abuse and call out alleged harassers.
One such woman is Toronto-based writer Zahra Haider, who was born and raised in Islamabad and personally knew both Mukadam and the man charged with her murder, Zahir Jaffer. Since her friend’s killing, she has used her social media account to post updates about the case as well as share stories of other women.
“I am in a privileged position, and I will use it to combat this ... violence and abuse that is rampant in Pakistan,” Haider said. “Posting on social media can lead to accountability, to some change.”
But using the Internet to speak up comes with its own risks. 
Haider said in the past two weeks, she has faced numerous hacking attempts on her social media accounts, and threats of defamation suits.
Dad also spoke of attacks and harassment, saying it sometimes affected her mental health to the degree that she felt like quitting social media “just for a breather.” 
Dad is not alone. 




In this photograph taken on December 17, 2016, Pakistani lawyer and founder of the Digital Rights Foundation Nighat Dad speaks during an interview with AFP in Lahore. (AFP/File)

In 2020, the helpline at the Digital Rights Foundation advocacy group, which Dad founded in 2012 with a focus on protecting women online, recorded a total of 3,298 cases of cybercrime, 66 percent of them against women. In 2021, it recorded 2,082 cases between January to June, a majority by women.
Women face online threats globally, but the risk is enhanced in countries like Pakistan where there is a tradition of men killing women over perceived injury to a family’s honor. In 2012, in one of the first cases of honor killing linked to digital technology, a video of a private gathering was leaked showing four women dancing in the presence of three men in Kohistan. All the individuals shown in the video were murdered by their families in the name of honor. 
In 2016, social media star Qandeel Baloch was strangled by her own brother for posting so-called risque videos on the Internet. 
The same year, Pakistan’s parliament passed the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (Peca), which officials say aims to restrict online extremist content, prosecute hate speech, and curb harassment of women on the Internet. Rights groups say it has not made the Internet safer for women.
The Federal Investigation Agency’s cybercrime wing registered 8,500 complaints of women facing online harassment in 2018 and 2019. Agency officials told a parliamentary committee that blackmailing and harassment over social media were the most common complaints and that only 19.5 percent of the complaints were investigated, according to Human Rights Watch.
The FIA and the ministries of information and IT did not respond to phone calls seeking comment for this piece.
Meanwhile, trolling, abuse and threats have become an “expected reality” of being a vocal Pakistani woman on the Internet, Rabeeya Latif, an advocate for more inclusive, “non-judgmental” online spaces for women, said. 
“I’ve gotten all sorts of threats,” she said, listing murder and sexual violence among them. 
“It’s so sad that that’s what I had to deal with for doing the work that I do, but I deal with the trauma and abuse,” Latif said. “I just realized how much this country needs us and how I need to move forward to help other women because if I were to back down — well there is no way I am letting them win.”
“Yes, as women find community online,” Dad said, “they also face a myriad of unfair troubles.”


Former Pakistan PM Khan’s sons urge Trump administration to play role for father’s release

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Former Pakistan PM Khan’s sons urge Trump administration to play role for father’s release

  • Khan has been in jail for nearly two years on a slew of charges he says are politically motivated and has frequently agitated against the Pakistani government over a host of issues
  • His sons urge any government that supports ‘free speech and proper democracy’ to join the call for their father’s release, appeal to influential people to ‘create a bit more noise’

ISLAMABAD: The sons of former prime minister Imran Khan have urged United States (US) President Donald Trump and the international community to help free their jailed father, appealing to “people of influence” to press for his release.
Khan has been in jail for nearly two years on a slew of charges that he says are politically motivated. His Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party has held frequent protests demanding his release and frequently agitated against the Pakistani government over what it says were rigged general elections in Feb. 2024 and a campaign to subdue PTI supporters since his ouster from the PM’s office in April 2022.
Pakistani authorities deny Khan’s allegations, accusing the ex-premier and his party of leading violent anti-government protests in the past, particularly in May 2023 and Nov. 2024. On May 9, 2023, frenzied mobs across the country carrying flags of Khan’s party attacked government and military installations, while a protest in Nov. to demand Khan’s release killed four troops during clashes, officials say. The PTI denies instigating followers to violence and accuses the military and its political rivals of resorting to rights abuses against its supporters. They both deny the charges.
During a rare interview, conducted by entrepreneur, business influencer and citizen journalist Mario Nawfal, Khan’s sons, Kasim Khan and Sulaiman Khan, spoke about the alleged “suppression of democracy” in Pakistan, a lack of basic facilities for Khan in his prison cell. They said he was being kept on “trumped up charges,” and called on the Trump administration and the international community to press Islamabad for his release.
“Anyone who looks into it a little can kind of see that,” Suleiman said. “In terms of a message to the Trump administration, we’d call for any government that supports free speech and proper democracy to join the call for our father’s release, and especially the most powerful leader in the world.”
The former cricket-star-turned politician, who was believed to have been brought into power by Pakistan’s powerful military, fell out with the generals. His party accuses the military, which has ruled Pakistan for nearly have of its history and holds sway in politics even when not in power, of colluding with Khan’s rivals to keep him out of politics. The military and Khan’s rivals deny this.
In Dec. 2024, Khan’s party held negotiations with the government to ease political tensions in the country. However, talks broke down in Jan. after the PTI pulled away, accusing the government of not fulfilling its two principal demands of forming judicial commissions to investigate the 2023 and 2024 protests. The government rubbished the PTI’s allegations, accusing the party of “unilaterally” abandoning talks without waiting for the government to respond to its demands.
Sulaiman said there was a tradition of “dynastic politics” in Pakistan, dominated by two main parties, and his father wanted to break away from that tradition.
Khan’s elder son, Kasim, said they just wanted the international community to see what had been going on in Pakistan and “hopefully take action.”
“We’d love to speak to Trump or try and figure out a way where he would be able to help out in some way because at the end of the day, all we are trying to do is free our father, bring democracy in Pakistan and just ensure his basic human rights,” Kasim said.
The calls from Khan’s sons for his release came a day before the hearing of a petition in the Islamabad High Court seeking Khan’s release on parole, which was filed by his party’s chief minister in the northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
Besides speaking with Nawfal of their time with Khan and family interactions, Sulaiman also appealed to “people of influence” around the world to speak for their father’s release.
“I think that would be huge, just to create a bit more noise because it’s definitely gone a bit quiet recently,” he said.
“We would love people to reach out to us if they have some influence or potential to help with this situation.”


Pakistan sees minimal fiscal impact from India standoff as economists estimate billions in losses

Updated 48 min 43 sec ago
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Pakistan sees minimal fiscal impact from India standoff as economists estimate billions in losses

  • Economists warn prolonged conflict could deter investment in both India and Pakistan
  • Estimated total losses reach $80-90 billion, with 20 percent borne by Pakistan and the rest by India

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan’s finance ministry said on Tuesday the recent four-day standoff with India will not have a significant fiscal impact, as analysts estimated that the conflict cost both countries losses of around $1 billion per hour.

Tensions between India and Pakistan escalated after a deadly April 22 attack on Hindu tourists in Indian-administered Kashmir, which killed 26 people. India blamed Pakistan for the assault, an allegation denied by officials in Islamabad, though it still led to one the worst military confronts between the two nuclear-armed neighbors in decades.

A ceasefire was announced on Saturday by US President Donald Trump, following four days of fighting and intense diplomatic efforts led by Washington. However, the military confrontation, by then, had disrupted stock markets, led to airspace closures, escalated defense spending and caused economic losses amounting to billions of dollars.

“The current standoff with India won’t have a large fiscal impact on Pakistan,” Khurram Schehzad, adviser to the finance minister, told Arab News.

“It can be managed within the current fiscal space, with no need for a new economic assessment,” he added.

Schehzad said Pakistan’s economic resilience was evident from a new record at the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which on Monday posted the highest single-day gain in over 26 years, surging by 10,123 points or 9.45 percent, significantly surpassing the losses recorded last week following the Indian strike.

“Pakistan’s measured and responsible response, in both its narrative and actions on the ground, has caught investors’ eye, alongside the potential positive spillover effect of a possible settlement in the US-China tariff issue,” he added.

Arab News reached out to the defense ministry and Pakistan’s military media wing for official estimates of the conflict’s cost, but did not receive a response by the time of filing this story.

Meanwhile, economists said the recent military standoff inflicted heavy financial losses on both countries, with combined costs approaching $1 billion per hour.

“The recent conflict, over an 87-hour period, I think cost about a billion dollars an hour for both countries,” economist Farrukh Saleem told Arab News.

He estimated total combined losses of between $80 and $90 billion over the four-day period.

“About 20 percent of that was incurred by Pakistan and a good 80 to 85 percent by India,” he added.

Saleem said daily economic losses from the conflict, including stock market declines and other impacts, amounted to around $20 billion per day, with Pakistan losing up to $4 billion and India as much as $16 billion per day.

“I have tried to put things together. If this conflict had continued for 30 days, my estimate is that both countries would have lost a good $500 billion, with over a $400 billion loss for the Indian economy,” he added.

Explaining India’s higher losses, he noted that each Rafale fighter jet costs around $240 million, while Pakistan’s JF-17 Thunder or J-10C jets are priced between $20 and $25 million per unit.

“BrahMos, for instance, the Indian ballistic missile, costs $3 million apiece. If, for example, 10 units are used in a day, that amounts to $30 million in a single day,” he said.

Dr. Ali Salman, Executive Director of the Policy Research Institute of Market Economy (PRIME), an Islamabad-based independent economic policy think tank, said the conflict had disrupted economic sentiment and affected investor confidence.

“Certainly, investors would not like to come into countries, whether India or Pakistan, if they are in a constant war-like situation,” he told Arab News.

He emphasized that prolonged conflict would push people in both countries deeper into poverty, noting that one in four poor people in the world lives in India or Pakistan.

“We have 27 percent of the world’s poor in just these two countries, and I believe that we need to come out of the military context and go into an economic context,” he added.

Another economist, Shakeel Ramay, said every war has an economic dimension and that the conflict had imposed a heavy financial burden on both economies.

“Pakistan’s military expenditure over the four-day conflict, including jets, artillery and missiles, amounted to around $1.5 billion from the national budget, by my estimate,” he said, adding that this was significant, especially as the country continues to face economic challenges.

“The good thing is our economic activities continued without interruption, retail markets operated smoothly with no shortages and trade routes remained open, all indicating that the direct economic cost was minimal,” he added.


Pakistan Stock Exchange surges over 1,000 points amid ceasefire optimism

Updated 13 May 2025
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Pakistan Stock Exchange surges over 1,000 points amid ceasefire optimism

  • The KSE-100 index gained 1278.15 points or 1.09 percent and closed at 118,575.88
  • Stocks rallied after President Trump announced ceasefire between nuclear-armed neighbors

ISLAMABAD: The Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) gained over 1,000 points on Tuesday, driven by investor optimism over ceasefire talks between Pakistan and India boosting regional stability, analysts said.
The KSE-100 index gained 2,769 points to reach 120,067.12 during intraday trading before settling at 118,575.88, up by 1,278.15 points or 1.09 percent from the previous close of 117,297.73.
Pakistan’s stocks had rallied after US President Donald Trump on Saturday announced a ceasefire between nuclear-armed neighbors Pakistan and India.
Both states had exchanged missile, drone and artillery strikes last week amid surging tensions.
“Stocks closed higher as investors weigh Pak-India ceasefire talks fostering stability and the foreign minister’s assurance on thin fiscal impact of conflict,” Ahsan Mehanti, the Chief Executive Officer of Arif Habib Commodities, told Arab News.
Pakistan Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb had also told Reuters in an interview on Monday that the conflict would not have a large fiscal impact on Pakistan. He described the standoff as a “short duration escalation” with minimal fiscal impact, saying it can be “accommodated within the fiscal space which is available to the government of Pakistan.”
Mehanti added that rupee stability, upbeat global equities, and a surge in global crude oil prices also played a catalytic role in the bullish close at the PSX.
Head of Intermarket Securities Raza Jafri highlighted that the KSE-100 was holding its levels following yesterday’s massive rise.
On May 12, Pakistani stocks rose more than nine percent, the highest single-day gain in decades, according to analysts, following a ceasefire with India and the approval of a $1 billion tranche by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which Pakistan is expected to receive today as part of a larger $7 billion bailout agreement.
“The energy sector continues its rebound — on hopes of circular debt clearance — while news reports of a possible construction package (low-income housing units and mortgage financing) saw the Cement sector rally,” Jafri added.


Pakistan says won’t let India stop its water, hopes Trump will help resolve Kashmir issue

Updated 13 May 2025
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Pakistan says won’t let India stop its water, hopes Trump will help resolve Kashmir issue

  • Nuclear-armed Pakistan and India have a history of bitter relations, with disputed Kashmir being a flashpoint between the two for decades
  • India suspended key water treaty with Pakistan amid tensions over an attack in Kashmir that escalated into a military conflict last week

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan’s Information Minister Ataullah Tarar has said that Islamabad will not let India stop its share of water under the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) and expressed hope that US President Donald Trump will resolve the Kashmir issue between the neighbors, following a ceasefire between them after last week’s military conflict.

India and Pakistan last week attacked each other with fighter jets, missiles and artillery fire, in worst fighting between them in more than two decades that has killed more than 70 people on both sides.

The fighting, which came to an end on Saturday after the US brokered a ceasefire, had erupted amid heightened tensions between the neighbors over an attack in Indian-administered Kashmir on April 22 that India blamed on Pakistan. Islamabad denies involvement.

In an interview with Britain’s Sky News channel, Tarar said since things were moving forward after the ceasefire between the two nations, Pakistan was looking forward to the resolution of its concerns, including India’s suspension of the IWT.
“India has not stopped the water yet and they don’t have the capacity to stop that water,” he said on Monday. “We obviously won’t let India deny the right of water to our people.”

India announced suspending the 1960 World Bank-brokered treaty, which ensures water for 80 percent of Pakistani farms, a day after the April 22 attack in Pahalgam that killed 26 tourists.

The IWT grants Pakistan rights to the western rivers — Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab — for irrigation, drinking, and non-consumptive uses like hydropower, while India controls the eastern rivers — Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej — for unrestricted use but must not significantly alter their flow. India can use the western rivers for limited purposes such as power generation and irrigation, without storing or diverting large volumes, according to the agreement.

Last week, India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri said the treaty would remain in abeyance, signaling deeper diplomatic rifts between the two nations as they traded fire across several cities.

“The fact is that there have been fundamental changes in the circumstances in which the Indus Waters Treaty was concluded,” Indian Foreign Secretary Misri was quoted as saying by NDTV on Thursday.

He said there is now a need to “reassess the obligations under that treaty.”

But Tarar believed Pakistan’s case on the agreement was “very strong,” adding they would wait to see how things unfold.

“At this point in time, the water is flowing normally and there is no stoppage,” he told Sky News.

Pakistan and India have a history of bitter relations and frequently accuse each other of fomenting militancy in the other’s territory.

Kashmir, which has been divided between Pakistan and India since their independence from Britain in 1947, has been a flashpoint for decades, with the neighbors having fought two of their three wars over the region. Last week’s military conflict also originated from tensions over an assault in the disputed region.

Asked about details of the ceasefire, Tarar said many countries had been speaking to both Pakistan and India, and President Trump had been “pivotal” in securing the truce.

He hoped the US president would also help bring together the two nuclear-armed neighbors to resolve the enduring conflict in Kashmir.

Trump “has made things abundantly clear because he wants a resolution to major issues between us, between India and Pakistan,” Tarar said.

“And he has specifically mentioned Kashmir that he would like to settle.”

On Sunday, Trump said he would try to work with both India and Pakistan to see if they can resolve their dispute over Kashmir.

“I will work with you both to see if, after a ‘thousand years,’ a solution can be arrived at concerning Kashmir,” Trump wrote on his social media platform, Truth Social, referring to India and Pakistan.

But India has for years insisted Kashmir is a bilateral issue and not allowed any third-party mediation.

In his first address to the nation since last week’s conflict, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made clear that militancy was the only issue he wanted to discuss with Pakistan.

“I will tell the global community also, if we talk to Pakistan, it will be about terrorism only,” Modi said on Monday.


No truce in India-Pakistan disinformation war

Updated 13 May 2025
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No truce in India-Pakistan disinformation war

  • On social media, citizens on both sides are vying to control public perceptions by peddling disinformation
  • Now that ceasefire has been declared, analysts warn hate speech “will once again refocus on religious minorities”

NEW DELHI: India and Pakistan have announced a ceasefire after coming close to all-out conflict, but on social media citizens on both sides are vying to control public perceptions by peddling disinformation.
Platforms such as Facebook and X are still awash with misrepresented footage of the attacks that killed at least 60 people and sent thousands fleeing. AFP fact-checkers have debunked many of the clips, which actually show the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or the war in Ukraine.
Indian and Pakistani media outlets have also amplified misinformation, including false or unverifiable claims of military victories that experts say have exacerbated tensions and contributed to a flood of hate speech.
“It’s complicated to establish the military facts because, in addition to the reality of strikes that are difficult to ascertain, there’s a communication war going on,” said General Dominique Trinquand, an international relations analyst and former head of the French military mission to the United Nations.
Disinformation peaked when India launched deadly air strikes on Wednesday targeting “terrorist camps” in Pakistan, two weeks after a deadly attack on the Indian-administered side of disputed Kashmir.
New Delhi blames Islamabad for backing the April 22 attack near the tourist town of Pahalgam, which killed 26 people — almost all of them Hindu men. Pakistan denies the claim.
After the first round of Indian air strikes, the Pakistani military shared footage that had previously circulated in reports about a 2023 Israeli air strike in Gaza. The clip quickly appeared on television and social media but was later retracted by numerous media outlets, including AFP.
AI-generated imagery has also muddied the waters, including a video that purportedly shows a Pakistan Army general saying the country lost two of its aircraft. AFP fact-checkers found the clip was altered from a 2024 press conference.
“We have seen a new wave of AI-based content in both video and still images due to increased access to deepfake tools,” said Joyojeet Pal, an associate professor in the School of Information at the University of Michigan.
Both India and Pakistan have taken advantage of the information vacuum to raise alarm bells and promote their own claims and counter-claims.
Pakistan appears to have lifted a more than one-year-old ban on X the same day of the Indian strikes, according to an AFP analysis of data from the nonprofit Open Observatory of Network Interference.
“In a time of crisis, the government needed its people’s voice to be heard all around the world and not to be silenced anymore like it was before for domestic political purposes,” said Usama Khilji, a digital rights expert and activist in Pakistan.
The country’s National Cyber Emergency Response Team (NCERT) on May 8 issued an alert about “increased cyberattacks and misinformation via emails, social media, QR codes, and messaging apps.”
Both Pakistan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Karachi Port Trust later said their X accounts had been hacked.
A post from the latter account said the port — one of South Asia’s busiest — was attacked by the Indian military. The page was later restored and the port authority said no attack had taken place.
India, meanwhile, has executed a sweeping crackdown targeting the social media accounts of Pakistani politicians, celebrities and media organizations.
The government ordered X to block more than 8,000 accounts and banned more than a dozen Pakistani YouTube channels for allegedly spreading “provocative” content, including news outlets.
Press Information Bureau (PIB) Fact Check, a government-run website, has also refuted more than 60 claims about the ongoing crisis, many having to do with supposed Pakistani military victories.
The avalanche of disinformation online has been accompanied by a spike in hate speech offline.
A report from the US-based India Hate Lab documented 64 in-person hate speech events between April 22 and May 2. Most were filmed and later shared on social media.
“There is a cyclical relationship between offline hate speech and the rise of harmful online content,” said Raqib Hameed Naik, executive director of the Center for the Study of Organized Hate.
He said the Pahalgam attack sparked in India a “significant surge in rallies where far-right leaders weaponized the tragedy to incite hate and violence against Muslim Indians and Kashmiris.”
Several clips online show people dressed in Hindu garb calling for economic boycotts of minority Muslims. Rallies in the northern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have seen similar incendiary speeches.
Now that a ceasefire has been declared, Naik warned that hate speech “will once again refocus on religious minorities.”
“The war machine may have paused, but the hate machinery never stops. I worry it might return with a greater force.”