What We Are Reading Today: ‘On the Freedom of the Will’

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Updated 17 January 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘On the Freedom of the Will’

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  • Schopenhauer distinguishes between different types of freedom, including physical, intellectual and moral

Author: Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer’s “On the Freedom of the Will” is a landmark philosophical work that explores one of humanity’s most debated questions: Do we have free will?

Published in 1839 as part of a prize competition held by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences, this essay won first prize for the author and remains one of his most influential works.

In it, Schopenhauer rigorously examines the concept of free will, combining insights from metaphysics, psychology and science.

He argues for a deterministic view of human action, asserting that while humans may feel free in their decisions, their choices are ultimately determined by external circumstances and internal motivations beyond their control.

Schopenhauer distinguishes between different types of freedom, including physical, intellectual and moral.

While he concedes that humans have physical freedom (freedom from external coercion), he rejects the notion of metaphysical freedom — the idea individuals can act independently of causality.

One of the essay’s key contributions is Schopenhauer’s clear articulation of the relationship between will and action. He asserts that our actions are a direct expression of our unchanging character, which itself is shaped by factors outside our control.

This perspective challenges traditional notions of moral responsibility, as it questions whether individuals can be truly “free” in a moral sense.

The essay also explores the implications of determinism for ethics and human behavior.

Schopenhauer’s arguments are deeply rooted in his broader philosophical system, particularly his concept of the “will” as the driving force behind all existence.

He blends philosophical reasoning with practical examples, making his work both intellectually rigorous and accessible to readers.

Schopenhauer’s writing style is notable for its clarity and precision, though it carries his characteristic pessimism and sharp critiques of opposing views. His dismissal of metaphysical freedom as an illusion is provocative and has sparked debate among philosophers for centuries.

“On the Freedom of the Will” is a profound, thought-provoking work that challenges readers to reconsider their assumptions about free will, causality and moral responsibility.

Schopenhauer’s arguments remain relevant today, influencing contemporary discussions in philosophy, neuroscience, and psychology.

 


What We Are Reading Today: ‘Intraterrestrials’ by Karen G. Lloyd

What We Are Reading Today: ‘Intraterrestrials’ by Karen G. Lloyd
Updated 25 May 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘Intraterrestrials’ by Karen G. Lloyd

What We Are Reading Today: ‘Intraterrestrials’ by Karen G. Lloyd

Life thrives in the deepest, darkest recesses of Earth’s crust—from methane seeps in the ocean floor to the highest reaches of Arctic permafrost—and it is unlike anything seen on the surface.

“Intraterrestrials” shares what scientists are learning about these strange types of microbial life—and how research expeditions to some of the most extreme locales on the planet are broadening our understanding of what life is and how its earliest forms may have evolved.

Karen Lloyd takes readers on an adventure from the bottom of the ocean through the jungles of Central America to the high-altitude volcanoes of the Andes.


What We Are Reading Today: ‘Designing San Francisco’ by Alison Isenberg

What We Are Reading Today: ‘Designing San Francisco’ by Alison Isenberg
Updated 24 May 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘Designing San Francisco’ by Alison Isenberg

What We Are Reading Today: ‘Designing San Francisco’ by Alison Isenberg

“Designing San Francisco” is the untold story of the formative postwar decades when US cities took their modern shape amid clashing visions of the future.

In this pathbreaking and richly illustrated book, Alison Isenberg shifts the focus from architects and city planners—those most often hailed in histories of urban development and design—to the unsung artists, activists, and others who played pivotal roles in rebuilding San Francisco between the 1940s and the 1970s.


What We Are Reading Today: Supply Chain Justice by Mary Bosworth

What We Are Reading Today: Supply Chain Justice by Mary Bosworth
Updated 23 May 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: Supply Chain Justice by Mary Bosworth

What We Are Reading Today: Supply Chain Justice by Mary Bosworth

In the UK’s fully outsourced “immigration detainee escorting system,” private sector security employees detain, circulate and deport foreign national citizens. Run and organized like a supply chain, this system dehumanizes those who are detained and deported, treating them as if they were packages to be moved from place to place and relying on poorly paid, minimally trained staff to do so. In “Supply Chain Justice,” Mary Bosworth offers the first empirically grounded, scholarly analysis of the British detention and deportation system. Drawing on four years of extensive ethnographic research, Bosworth examines what keeps the system in place and whether it might be effectively challenged.
Told by a senior manager that “this is a logistics business,” Bosworth documents how the public and private sectors have built a supply chain in which people’s humanity is transformed both symbolically and tangibly through administrative processes and bureaucracy into monetized, measurable units.
Like all logistics, the system has failure built into it.


Book Review: ‘America’s View of the East, Cinematically’ by Abdulmohsen Al-Mutairi

Book Review: ‘America’s View of the East, Cinematically’ by Abdulmohsen Al-Mutairi
Updated 22 May 2025
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Book Review: ‘America’s View of the East, Cinematically’ by Abdulmohsen Al-Mutairi

Book Review: ‘America’s View of the East, Cinematically’ by Abdulmohsen Al-Mutairi

Saudi journalist, filmmaker and cultural commentator Abdulmohsen Al-Mutairi launched his long-anticipated book — “America’s View of the East, Cinematically” — at last month’s Saudi Film Festival.

Cementing his reputation as a vital voice at the intersection of cinema and Arab identity, the book is a natural progression from his award-winning documentary, “Memories From The North,” tackling Western portrayals of the East with the same precision, intellect and emotional clarity.

Al-Mutairi drew wide attention for his documentary, which offered a poetic look at the Gulf War of 1990-91 and was named best short documentary at the 2022 festival.

“The documentary looks to me like a chapter in a book, because both memories and the war look like chapters to us. To me, the war is a timeline, there is a beginning, middle and an end,” Al-Mutairi told Arab News at the time.

“America’s View of the East, Cinematically” continues that mission, serving as both critique and chronicle of how Arab and Eastern identities have long been distorted by the cinematic lens of the West.

“This encyclopedia will be a building block added to what the Saudi Film Festival has started since its launch in 2008 and an effective tributary in the path of Saudi cinema, reinforcing what the festival organizers believe in and what they seek to achieve by emphasizing that the film industry must be accompanied by a knowledge industry directed at those working in the local and Arab cinema field,” according to its introduction.

More than critique, the book offers a kind of cinematic reclamation.


What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Book of Alchemy’ by Suleika Jaouad

What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Book of Alchemy’ by Suleika Jaouad
Updated 22 May 2025
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What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Book of Alchemy’ by Suleika Jaouad

What We Are Reading Today: ‘The Book of Alchemy’ by Suleika Jaouad

In “The Book of Alchemy,” Suleika Jaouad explores the art of journaling and shares everything she’s learned about how this life-altering practice can help us tap into that mystical trait that exists in every human: creativity. She has gathered wisdom from one hundred writers, artists, and thinkers in the form of essays and writing prompts. Their insights invite us to inhabit a more inspired life.